# PT-141 References: The Cited Bremelanotide Literature

> PT-141 references: the full cited bremelanotide literature — Phase 3 trials, mechanism and fMRI studies, the US label, and review articles — with DOIs and PubMed links.

Every claim on this site maps to an entry below.

## How to read this list

Each numbered entry is cited inline across the site. Where a source has a DOI or PubMed ID, both are given. The US prescribing information is the authoritative source for the approved dose, pharmacokinetics, and contraindications. Review articles are labeled as reviews.

## References

[1] Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851303/
[2] Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15226502/
[3] Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599840/
[4] Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599847/
[5] Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36189794/
[6] Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;267:110299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39793696/
[7] U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information. 2019. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9
[8] Nappi RE, Tiranini L, Cucinella L, Martini E, Bosoni D, Righi A. Pharmacotherapy for female sexual dysfunctions (FSDs): what is on the market and where is this field heading? Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2023;24(2):135-143. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35430926/
[9] Miller MK, Smith JR, Norman JJ, Clayton AH. Expert opinion on existing and developing drugs to treat female sexual dysfunction. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2018;23(3):223-230. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30251897/
[10] Nappi RE, Tiranini L, Martini E, Bosoni D, Righi A, Cucinella L. Medical Treatment of Female Sexual Dysfunction. Urol Clin North Am. 2022;49(2):299-307. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35428435/
[11] Gelman F, Atrio J. Flibanserin for hypoactive sexual desire disorder: place in therapy. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2017;8(1):16-25. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28203348/
[12] Ronghe V, Pannase K, Gomase KP, Mahakalkar MG. Understanding Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD) in Women: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Cureus. 2023;15(11):e49690. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38161863/
[13] Carson CC 3rd. Central nervous system-acting agents and the treatment of erectile and sexual dysfunction. Curr Urol Rep. 2007;8(6):492-496. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18042327/
[14] Ila V, Pozzi E, Gamage M, Ramasamy R. Intravenous peptides and amino acids for erectile dysfunction: a narrative review of current applications and future directions. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2025;26(6):739-747. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40069591/
[15] Toledo RG, Winkelman WD, Reyes-Gonzalez D, Bergeron S, Fladger A, Hacker MR. Female Sexual Desire, Arousal, and Orgasmic Dysfunctions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Treatment Options. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2026;33(1):14-29. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40543759/

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A magenta-circuit terminal reading of the PT-141 (bremelanotide) record — the one approved indication printed first, the label dose and trial figures echoed back verbatim, the off-label and unregulated-research-chemical lines traced in amber, and the community field reports fenced off as unverified; no clinic wired behind the console and nothing here dosed, sourced, prescribed, or sold.